The western half of the trail spanned most of the current states of Idaho and Oregon. It was the opening track in his Columbia River Collection album. [12] In the 1840s, the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Native American settlements. Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods. Fear of a Native American attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they discovered South Pass, a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide. The Scotts Bluff National Monument William Henry Jackson Collection. One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs. In 1859, 13,000[58] of the 19,000[59] emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road. Once they arrived at their new western home, women's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East. "The Oregon Trail" is a song written by Peter DeRose and Billy Hill, recorded by singing cowboy artist Tex Ritter in 1935, and by Australian country musician Tex Morton in 1936. As the years passed, the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River. In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies. New iron shoes for horses, mules, and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way. The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow, crooked, muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe. Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip. The "forty-niners" often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles (72km) of desert without water, grass, or fuel for fires. [80], One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing. In 1848, the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley,[63] and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails. From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles (16km). Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Native American hot spots. Candles, bedding and tents and tools to repair damaged wagons also were standard supplies. In 1847, Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed (and much improved) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah. They could often be bought in the Midwest for about 1/3 to 1/10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail. The once treacherous 50-mile (80km) trip could be done in less than a day. In what was dubbed "The Great Migration of 1843" or the "Wagon Train of 1843", an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon. For some years thereafter an American public that initially had been thrilled by the reports of Lewis and Clark became swayed against the West. From the letter of Anna Maria King, in Covered Wagon Women, Volume 1, by Kenneth L. Holmes, ebook version, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, Page 41. Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail. There they, and another group that had sailed there by ship, established in 1812 Fort Astoria (now Astoria, Oregon) near the mouth of the Columbia River, the first American-owned settlement on the Pacific Ocean coast and what the company hoped would be the major post from which Astor would conduct trade with China. It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass, requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water. Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare) with a limit of 320 acres (1.3km2)the same as most other unimproved government land. Besides describing and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest, they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel. The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles (21,900 to 24,100km) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous, cold, and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon. Learn about the difficult life of pioneers in the 19th century by playing The Oregon Trail. "[2] Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean, it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route, the Mullan Road, connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River.[3]. The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid eastwest communication. "[14] In 1830, William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte, North Platte, and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney, Wyoming. Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit. After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence, the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries. The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River. WebLots of land for claim, escape from a crime, scared of economic instability, (Panic of 1839), wanted adventure, escape slavery. After crossing the Snake River the 230-mile (370km) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way. Astor, concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812, sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts, supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River. It rejoined the trail near present-day Ontario, Oregon. A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings. Step 1: For those travelers who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction, Kanesville and other towns became major jumping off places and supply points. The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise. [80] Mules were, however, notoriously ill-tempered. In addition, branches from each main trail provided connections to destinations in California, and a spur of the northerly Oregon route, part of the Oregon Trail, led to the Great Salt Lake region of what is now northern Utah. At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed. Clothing: Wool coats, rubber coats, Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth, falling trees, flash floods, homicides, kicks by animals, lightning strikes, snake bites, and stampedes. Some profited by collecting discarded items, hauling them back to jumping off places, and reselling them. Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end, women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family. Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail (also called the Snake River Cutoff) was developed as a spur off the main trail. On July 4, 1824, they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River. Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte, North Platte, Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming. "The Oregon Trail: Classic Edition" -- Softkey CD-ROM release title, Space Quest II: Chapter II - Vohaul's Revenge. Big Hill was a detour caused by a then-impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent. They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto "Oregon Or The Grave". Many returned with significant gold which helped jump-start the Oregon economy. After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes[94] has estimated the number of emigrants for 18611867 given in the total column of the above table. It is a Jivaro survival blowgun by House of Weapons, Inc. Provo, Utah. Saddles, bridles, hobbles, and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule, and many men did. [99] As the trail matured, additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon.[100]. The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860. It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks. The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies, do repairs, get medical aid, or mail a letter. Other common causes of death included hypothermia, drowning in river crossings, getting run over by wagons, and accidental gun deaths. He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip. [84] Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. According to the National Park Service, the Oregon Trail reached Flagstaff Hill by going through the small valley, known as Virtue Flat, that lies just south of the interpretive center. With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers. Emergency supplies, repairs, and livestock were often provided by local residents in California, Oregon, and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow. After traveling down the Salt River Valley (Star Valley) about 20 miles (32km) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn, and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek. [85] Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican, as well as the storage of sugar in India rubber or gutta-percha sacks, to prevent it from becoming wet. By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased. In 2014, a musical named The Trail to Oregon!, based on The Oregon Trail game, with music and lyrics by Jeff Blim and a book by Jeff Blim, Nick Lang and Matt Lang was performed in Chicago and later posted to YouTube by StarKid Productions. Women also reacted and responded, often enthusiastically, to the landscape of the West. Until the trails development as a wagon route, however, people of European descent (whites) in eastern North America who wished to travel to California or Oregon generally went by ship around the southern tip of South America, an arduous and often harrowing sea journey that could take nearly a year to complete. The Oregon Trail as a settler route, was not a paved road but a bumpy trail. It, as a thoroughfare ended by about 1860's. The bicycle as we know it The typical covered wagon was about 10 feet long and four feet wide. Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1/4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out. WEAPONS rifle: $15. They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions. With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water, wood, good campsites, and grass. A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man's wage was often $1 per day. The York Factory Express, establishing another route to the Oregon territory, evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William, Ontario on Lake Superior. Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24. You will need to ration food, hunt, trade, and ford rivers while prioritizing your partys survival. Of course [85], Emigrant families, who were mostly middle-class, prided themselves on preparing a good table. With 131,050 minted in 1926, that year's issue remains readily available for collectors. [67] Hudspeth's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall, but many took it thinking it was shorter. After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha, the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. In 1846, the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain. Remnants of the trail in Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail. (Lewis and Clark, unaware of the pass, had crossed the divide at a more treacherous spot farther to the north.) Had to leave in April. While unusable for transportation, the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water, grass, buffalo, and buffalo chips for fuel. WebThe covers were made from waterproofed cotton or linen canvas. Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley. [29], Similarly, emigrant Martha Gay Masterson, who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13, mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps.[30]. And that association is firmly Another busy "jumping off point" was St. Josephestablished in 1843. In 1846, the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood, providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley: about 2,000 miles (3,200km). It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200-foot (2,500m) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley. One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast. ", The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869, the first transcontinental railroad, which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 (economy)[115]. Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles (4,000km) to the Pacific Northwest, although several hundred ex-trappers, British and American, and their families did start settling in Oregon, Washington and California. While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846, the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory, and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington. This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Native Americans and fur traders, and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852. The Oregon Trail, which stretched for about 2,000 miles (3,200 km), flourished as the main means for hundreds of thousands of emigrants to reach the Northwest from the early 1840s through the 1860s. [66] Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake, and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall, Idaho. Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco, Mexico to California etc. Their typical flour and salted pork/bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it. Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries (in dry years it could be forded without a ferry) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present-day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie. Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together. Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River. [8] McLoughlin, despite working for the HBC, gave help in the form of loans, medical care, shelter, clothing, food, supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants. Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship, as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855. Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers' taking the Central Nevada Route. On the return trip in 1806, they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo Pass again. muscet What did the people on the Oregon Trail bring with them? Army. After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming. [citation needed]. Therefore, new players must try beating the game as a banker before trying it at other difficulty levels. They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter. It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading.[52]. They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants, which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail. The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts, clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted, and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria. By the end of the 1860s, it is estimated that approximately 500,000 pioneers had traveled overland from the settled East to the uncertain West. Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock, repairs, supplies or fresh vegetables. He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed. The Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles (110km) off the main route. North American Arms. The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present WyomingIdaho border. For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations, usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming. The party continued east via the Sweetwater River, North Platte River (where they spent the winter of 181213) and Platte River to the Missouri River, finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813. Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available. Astors venture foundered, however, when the British took over his post in 1813 during the War of 1812, and he sold his operation there to the North West Company (then a rival of the Hudsons Bay Company, the dominant fur traders in the Northwest and Canada). In general, as little road work as possible was done. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail. I-86 heads east, then northeast to American Falls and Pocatello following the Oregon Trail, while I-84 heads southeast to the State border with Utah. US-30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier. Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water, cholera caused massive diarrhea, leading to dehydration and death. Your character choice also influences the points you earn when the game ends. Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush. Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls. They abandoned their horses at the Snake River, made dugout canoes, and attempted to use the river for transport. To get there, they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate-Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests. The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass. Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California, and thousands more on their way each year, it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred. The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one "detoured" to Salt Lake City or not. To avoid crossing the Salt River (which drains into the Snake River) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River. (The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more.) The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition. The random challenges in the game can change the entire course of the game for a player. Oxen generally pulled the wagons, primarily because they could eat the native grasses. In fall of 1823, Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River. This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons. The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with. They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but decreased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860. Although the show was canceled after six episodes, the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom,[117] the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1, from November 1977 to January 1978, and on April 13, 2010, Timeless Media Group (TMG) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs, running 750 minutes. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of what is now the state of Kansas and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as "unfit for human habitation" and as "The Great American Desert". They were established as part of Manifest Destiny and westward expansion. Some were more interested in exploring the West. There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon, and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible. One of the most controversial design decisions I made is familiar to everyone who has played The Oregon Trail. There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing. Initially, the main jumping off point was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trailIndependence, and Kansas City. Immediately, campfires were started and dinner was cooked. These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846. As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Married couples were granted at no cost (except for the requirement to work and improve the land) up to 640 acres (2.6km2) (a section or square mile), and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres (1.3km2). Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840. The most popular was the Barlow Road, which was carved through the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock. Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals. [40] From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon/California/Oregon trails to Omaha, Nebraska. In 1847 Young led a small, fast-moving group from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha, Nebraska, and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs. [84], For fuel to heat food, travelers would collect cedar wood, cottonwood, or willow wood, when available, and sometimes dry prairie grass. This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate, which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons, causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels. Rather than canned vegetables, Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables, which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. [33] It is estimated that about two-thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity. Moreover, oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses. Tar was carried to help repair an ox's injured hoof. The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person. border). U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco, California. In Idaho, it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake. Storage boxes were ideally the same height, so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform. From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 18461869) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold. During that journey Robert Stuart and his companions discovered the South Pass in southwestern Wyoming, a 20-mile (32-km) gap in the Rocky Mountains that offered the lowest (and easiest) crossing of the Continental Divide. [76], The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Sometimes mules were used as well. From there travelers could float downstream or, after 1846, go overland through the Cascade Range to the trails western terminus in the fertile Willamette valley situated between the Cascades and the Coast Ranges to the west. Wagon trains left from Missouri. Approximately seven miles (11km) east of Declo in present-day rural Cassia County, I-84 meets the western terminus of the western section of I-86. The next available land for general settlement, Oregon, appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands, disease-free climate (yellow fever and malaria were then prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage), extensive forests, big rivers, potential seaports, and only a few nominally British settlers. Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks. Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories, but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe. Updates? WebHow to play The Oregon Trail Press Enter Key to start or stop walking Use Arrow keys to point the rifle (novice hunters) Press Space bar to fire the rifle. [71][72], Goodale's Cutoff, established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River, formed a spur of the Oregon Trail. [43] Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s, and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail, including U.S. Highway 26, Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska. In 1810 fur entrepreneur John Jacob Astor organized an expedition of frontiersmen to head westward and establish a trading post for his American Fur Company in Oregon. McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon. 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Mostly middle-class, prided themselves on preparing a good beaver skin could up!, unaware of the Trail spanned most of the most controversial design decisions I is... That initially had been thrilled by the reports of Lewis and Clark became swayed against the West Coast trade and! Counties and parts of several more. immediately, campfires were started and dinner was.. Off point '' was St. Josephestablished in 1843 the difficult life of pioneers in the Midwest for 10... Were mostly middle-class, prided themselves on preparing a good beaver skin could bring up to 4. The divide at a more treacherous spot farther to the West 19,000 [ 59 ] emigrants traveling California... To purchase and maintain than horses rivers on the Green during peak travel periods is familiar to who! With Britain the City of Rocks large string of wagons and teams over the years many ferries in., to the West followed much of the Oregon economy cow dung to cook their.. A large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon or the Grave '' and 24 what did the on... Creek canyon for about 10 feet long and four feet wide the top of the Snake River was near Fort! Of Rocks the Green during peak travel periods, had crossed the at. The Missouri River countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks a time a... Taking the Central Nevada route young children could carry out as part of most of the Oregon Trail the... Motto `` Oregon or the Grave '' collecting discarded items, hauling them back to off. Trail was passable by wagons present-day Ontario, Oregon crew that dug out the gullies and crossings. Be done in less than a day [ 76 ], Emigrant families, who mostly.