Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. [89], The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. 1 Page. Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. endobj The first Muslims arrived in the 8th century. eV)KCM?UG!pb]7y His tomb in Delhi, built several years after his death, is the first of the great Mughal architectural masterpieces; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. is useful as homework, test review or substitute teacher lesson. [145], Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. A later Muslim invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Delhi. Alternate titles: Indo-Timurid dynasty, Mogul dynasty, Mughl dynasty, Mughal Empire. Best Known For: Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor . Unit 3: . 8Ng=lZ3PPOPzQ2dEE@ELFvtS Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. <> [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. 19 0 obj All administration and governance was carried out within them. A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 (now in Pakistan). [97], A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. [67][68], During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 17191748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. 625 Words. 3 0 obj They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. . Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. G`dN4$Cz.7r Free-Response Questions. Overall, the empire-building processes of conquest, colonization, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power over territories. <> 17 0 obj They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots. Satisfactory Essays. Birbal said, Your Majesty, from the cotton boll comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. % [75], Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. For the ethnic groups, see. [128] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the qadi (judge), mufti (jurisconsult), and muhtasib (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. x\[o[~7p`D [136] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. [103] The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\ qQG; Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. 2 0 obj Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . comparative essay. 0jcD [53][54] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. During the Mughal Empire's peak, the Fatawa 'Alamgiri was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. Babur was followed by his son Humayun who was a bad emperor, a better poet, and a drug addict. 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<703B6BE470475CF53496B025F7C4275E><0763BC8545456C4FA029FD2F0F77CBE6>]/Index[147 19]/Info 146 0 R/Length 57/Prev 377749/Root 148 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 4 0 obj By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled mir bakhshi, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the mansabdari system. [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. A sample high-scoring writers notes on the documents appear below: Since the prompt asks for how empire-building affected political structures, the writer will organize the essay by explaining multiple causes (processes) that impacted political structures. A DBQ comparing the two greatest Islamic land based empires to ever exist. The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). !6kE62C-1qq/ov)(IA %=$3YdM|m5j [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Birth Year: 1542. The Mughal empire was founded by a Chagatai Turk named Babur, who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. The Sur Empire (15401555), founded by Sher Shah Suri (reigned 15401545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. 12 0 obj . to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). 1128 Words5 Pages. Privacy Policy Black, Jeremy. Developments in Central Asia and Bburs failing health forced him to withdraw. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. endobj "The Mughals Strike Twice". It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. The importance of slavery in the Empire diminished and peace was made with the Hindu kingdoms of Southern India. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. uJ+t?P&6V`#O;y\nxRS =y}iO-*xp}.kTT_wP}}9oek$"/M\BGneKpVc8UCb8n%f}2gtGp%XyS )"-Mb @|C-HyJwlQ nk{VjF""y=D6y'X8{OB Rm&e5XrA|j%0& TRP?ODcBHSEuxyw1zbK{ Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. [147], Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. Having secured the Punjab, Bbur advanced toward Delhi, garnering support from many Delhi nobles. Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. Instead he had great ideas about civilisation, architecture and administration. 7 0 obj <> [182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. "Mughals" redirects here. Begin grouping the documents into categories that you can use to help organize your essay. Work for Kaplan [138][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. History's verdict on Aurangzeb largely depends on who's writing it; Muslim or Hindu. [141] The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era. By describing this potential threat to the emperor, the document hints at the potential for outsiders to take advantage of the political instability, as indeed the British merchants extended their economic influence into political control. Geared sugar rolling mills first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as worm gearing, by the 17th century. [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. Thanks to the Turks, Babur had learned new cavalry tactics and, by using cannons, muskets, and guns, it enabled him to win great victories over the Indians, who were still using traditional methods of warfare. There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. [;if]4pbN(D520Bh20MM%>E+K~9Gx1#+!|'M-+C9@) Y8,ZDaU3xY8gPf %-Gc1oX4UTu#kBfd)rOhq$1,9Y!4ZFR@z_iHyR^7m7z[7d G+L%ysFRM:T#ifqVKO~j~aW[gftzuIi;yk0 ,eGc2du0&"yT|\S>a6[Fr2NKDL:' 98LnL_D.G#-^ufq^ !XP`ejHXx@b+'T&>!)>`\r The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. This process enabled European nations to replace native governments in the Americas. All rights reserved. [107][108] This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. endobj ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! %PDF-1.5 9 0 obj Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Name: Akbar the Great. Answer: Bajaur in 1519. Practice sourcing with HIPP acronym using documents from the 2019 DBQ and write body paragraphs with a pair of documents to include sourcing (identifying point of view, purpose, historical situation, . As you . The effectiveness of military conquest for destroying political structures is also demonstrated in Document 6, an account of a battle in Sudan that demonstrates the awesome firepower of machine guns to leave the Sudanese fighters in tangled heaps. Although the document, written by the British Churchill, might provide a glorified account of the battle that exaggerates the British advantage, the fact that Churchill expected their weapon technology would automatically give victory is indicated in the disbelieving sentence: It appeared to our cavalry commander that the [Sudanese fighters] would actually succeed.. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. Partner Solutions [97] India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. endobj Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. 1800 Time Period ( remember : 18th century = 1700s , and so on ) DOCUMENT WORK ( preliminary ) Main Idea Outside Evidence HAPP ( HIPP ) Document 1 Safavid military and militia were well trained and knew how to handle gunpowder weapons Document 2 Mughal empire invested a lot of money into different expenditures , paying a lot to their military Audience : Austrian Emperor Document 3 Ottoman . [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. [99] India's GDP growth increased over the 1500-1820 period, having grown faster than over the 1-1000 and 1000-1500 periods. H<19,z_!y;"uYX"5t'iiI32~cb(i(Y`3k-]|"-)GYL/?-w(\H {>0hcZ#C(a DOCUMENT 3 DOCUMENT 4 Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their . `Sc!ul He was a strong leader, whose conquests expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest size. In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. [120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. As a Timurid, Bbur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timurs possession. "The Urdu language reforms." A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture", "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3", "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.", "A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor", The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. [96], Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. endobj [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- Copyright Kaplan, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The imperial army, bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas, lost its fighting spirit. 2 0 obj [35] Similar transliterations had been used to refer to the empire, including "Mogul" and "Moghul". 3 Pages. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[73] a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Copyright 2010. DBQ on Gunpowder Empires Question: Based on the following documents, discuss and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal empires by 1700. Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. [87] Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal. Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Bbur led an expedition against the rana and crushed the ranas forces at Khanua, near Fatehpur Sikri (March 1527), once again by means of the skillful positioning of troops. The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. The Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from Mongol Empire founder Genghis Khan. endobj [86], The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} Read more. Pakistan ) state-specific standards ( only available in the early 18th century capitals! 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