Where was Bob Johnson born? . In 2001, he was named Americas first billionaire, with his companies counting among the most prominent African-American businesses in the early twenty-first and late twentieth centuries. As a young adult, Johnson went to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, from which he graduated in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in social studies. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Your email address will not be published. We have estimated Bob Johnson's net worth, money, salary, income, and assets. [33], In 2016, Johnson finalized a partnership agreement with AMC Networks through his RLJ Company after launching his own video on demand streaming service Urban Movie Channel in 2014. Robert Johnson has been involved in American politics through most of his career. He post graduated from the Princeton University. [42] On January 17, 2008, Johnson sent Obama the following apology:[43] .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. ^ a b Bryant, Adam (November 12, 2011). In 2006 Johnsons RLC Companies partnered with Harvey Weinstein to create Our Story Films. , money, salary, income, and assets. The wedding, the second for both, took place in front of a host of famous faces, including music executive L.A. Reid, actor Leon Robinson and former Clinton chief of staff Mack McLarty, at the Auberge du Soleil. In the Major League Sports Franchise of North America, he is the first Black American as well. Together with Morgan Freeman, Bob raised funds for hurricane preparedness in Bahamas in 2011. Following the sale of BET, Robert and Sheila divorced. In 2014 Johnson contributed to the Malaria No More campaign, helping many countries combat and prevent the disease of Malaria. [8][31][32] In 2010, Johnson sold his majority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan. 2023 Forbes Media LLC. According to Wikipedia, Forbes, IMDb & Various Online resources, famous Hockey Coach Bob Johnson's net worth is $1-5 Million before He died. [34], In 2011, Johnson worked with Morgan Freeman to raise funds for hurricane preparedness in the Bahamas. Bob Johnson Chevrolet is part of the Automobile Dealers industry, and located in New York, United States. "John and I were looking at the business, and the market wasn't giving us the valuation it did to others," Johnson told Fortune in 2012. Robert Johnson was born on April 8, 1946. [3][7] Johnson is the former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. [4][12], Johnson left NCTA in 1979 to create Black Entertainment Television, the first cable television network aimed at African-Americans. How tall is Bob Johnson? Monthly Income/Salary (approx.) Should You Buy The Botox Maker Over Johnson & Johnson Stock? The intimate ceremonys guest included actor Leon Robinson, music executive L.A. Reid, and Mack McLarty, Bill Clintons former Chief of Staff. He is most known for his hosting CBS's "The Price Is Right" from 1972 all the way to 2007. Maybe you know about Bob Johnson very well But do you know how old and tall is he and what is his net worth in 2023? In my zeal to support Senator Clinton, I made some very inappropriate remarks for which I am truly sorry. Play it now! As of 2013, Johnson was a member of the board of directors for RLJ Lodging Trust, RLJ Entertainment, Inc., KB Home, Lowe's Companies, Inc., Strayer Education, Think Finance, Inc., NBA Board of Governors, The Business Council, and the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture. The job also taught him to run his own business (he had to sell subscriptions), how to deal with rejection and how to finish what he started. How Johnson & Johnsons Attempt At A $9 Billion Baby Powder Settlement Impacts Black Women, Progressive Brandon Johnson Elected As Chicago Mayor, Beating Paul Vallas In Crime-Focused Race, Nascar Legend Jimmie Johnson On Safety In Motorsports, His Future, Progressive Firebrand Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee Running For Houston Mayor, Jimmie Johnson, Partner At Legacy Motor Club, To Compete At Le Mans, Jimmie Johnson, Jenson Button Using NASCAR Race At COTA To Help Prepare For 24 Hours Of Le Mans. They knew that cable television was the next step in the media industry and wanted a channel to target the young black American audience. He married Lauren Wooden, 33 years his junior. The net worth of Bob Johnson's channel through 11 Apr 2023. Robert L. Johnson is the founder of Black Entertainment Television. Around the same time he also worked as the director of communications for the Washington, D.C. office of the National Urban League. According to the agreement, AMC will use its programming and distribution clout to benefit Acorn and UMC. The co-founder of the Black Entertainment Television cable network became a billionaire in 2001 when he sold BET to Viacom. Unless they move quickly to ensure people receiving Medicaid are eligible for it, Michigan will be working to protect the profits of Medicaid insurance companies at the expense of the truly needy. Bob Johnson, 70, the founder of BET, wed Lauren Wooden, a 37-year-old international business-management doctorate student in Napa Valley last week. Here's what it says about your health, Body of San Francisco DJ Jeffrey 'JV' Vandergrift is found floating off San Francisco pier a month after he vanished, 'I've known him 20 years and to see him here with what he's been accused of - it's hard to reconcile.' After all, at the beginning of his career, he was the Press Secretary for the controversial Presidental candidate Walter E. Fauntroy. As the company has since taken a plunge in value, Johnson's net worth has dropped to $550 million, Forbes reported. He is from USA. Johnson became America's first black billionaire after he sold BET to Viacom for $3 billion in stock and assumed debt in 2000. He did, however, stay on as BETs CEO until 2006. So, how much is Bob Johnson worth at the age of 73 years old? He is not dating anyone. A fresh take on sports: the biggest news and most entertaining lists. He was born in Florida in 1942, and he died in 1995. In 1991, BET became the first black-owned company to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1998, Bob and Liberty Media bought all of the companys outstanding shares, giving him a 42 percent stake. Sheila Johnson cofounded cable TV channel Black Entertainment Network in 1979 with her then-husband Robert. This is called Second Act by him. [12][14] When the network launched in 1980, it only aired for two hours on Friday night. The successful businessman has become one of the greatest entrepreneurs and philanthropists in the world. The agreement called for AMC to provide RLJ with a $60 million loan on a seven-year term and $5 million on a one-year term. He served as the public affairs director for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Ice hockey coach who guided college, international, and professional teams, including the Wisconsin Badgers men's hockey team from 1966 until 1982. Johnson told CNN Money in 2012 that his only entrepreneurial experience was a paper route as a kid. According to reports, the estimated net worth of Bob Lee is around $10 million. Letter from Michael Cohen claiming Trump did NOT reimburse him for hush money paid to Stormy Daniels appears to fly in face of his grand jury testimony, Trump breaks cover for a round of golf as Alvin Bragg 'struggles' to convince grand jury to charge him with 'weak' case' that has split the DA's office: Panel probing Stormy Daniels payment reconvenes tomorrow, 'They tell us to be peaceful! A year later Johnson hit the Forbes 400 "Richest Americans" list with a net worth of $1.3 billion. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. America's first black self-made millionaire has married his girlfriend of five years in front of 100 close friends in California. Amy Johnson KCBS/KCAL, Bio, Wiki, Age, Family, Children, Height, Salary, and Net Worth. Sheila Johnson went on to found Salamander Hospitality, which has a portfolio containing resorts and golf clubs. He also makes $2.54 million as Executive Chairman of the Board of Trustees at RLJ. Bob Johnson was born on May 4, 1920 in Portland, Oregon, USA as Robert Cleveland Johnson. Required fields are marked *. Johnson will succeed Lori Lightfoot, who lost her fight for reelection and was Chicagos first Black female and out gay mayor. Johnson became the first black majority owner of an NBA team with the purchase of the Charlotte Bobcats. He is a businessman and the owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Bob Johnson's income mostly comes from and basic source was being a successful American actor and voice actor (1920-1993). In addition, he makes $747,411 as Independent Director at Roper Technologies Inc. Five warning signs of vision-robbing condition glaucoma revealed - and the celebrities living with it, 'I lose no matter how hard I train:' Heartbreaking words of female cyclist who quit sport after constant beatings by trans competitors - as transgender rising star, 46, hammers competition. The business is a marketplace for apparel, sneakers, and accessories that are all certified authentic. How much did Bob Johnson weigh when playing? These are the 25 richest golfers in the world: 25. Actor Leon Robinson, music entrepreneur L. A Reid, and Bill Clintons former Chief of Staff, Mack McLarty, were among the select attendees at the ceremony. Birth Year: 1946. He made an $8.1 million profit on the sale of RLJ stock. He was born on 8th April 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, US. Two years after that, it turned a profit for the first time. Related by education: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Resides in Washington, DC Metropolitan Area. But it wasn't the first time Johnson proposed to Wooden. His father worked as a farmer, and his mother taught. Bob Johnson weighed 262 lbs (118 kg) when playing. Johnson moved on from the company in 2006. Don't miss: These two men paid over $650,000 for lunch with Warren Buffetthere are 3 things they learned, Get Make It newsletters delivered to your inbox, Learn more about the world of CNBC Make It, 2023 CNBC LLC. Published: 10:08 EDT, 14 May 2016 | Updated: 00:10 EDT, 11 February 2018. However, this gig taught him many valuable lessons. Bob Johnson's net worth To mention but some, they include Strayer Education, Lowes Companies Inc, KB Home, and the NBA Board of Governors. Out of the 2,043 people who appear on the 2017 Forbes list of billionaires, only three are African-American: Oprah Winfrey, Robert Smith and Michael Jordan. Net Worth: $76 B. . He was the first black American billionaire named by Forbes Magazine. He was the ninth of ten children in his family. I hope that you will accept this apology. Career, and More. He went on to Princeton University where he received his Masters Degree in International Affairs in 1972. Name: Robert L. Johnson. The couple has one daughter named Paige Johnson and a son named Brett Johnson. Viacom bought it for $3 billion in 2001. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Birth City: Hickory. "The best decision I made since acquiring the Bobcats was to convince my friend Michael to become an investor in the Bobcats and to appoint him as managing member of basketball operations," Johnson said in a statement at the time. According to our Database, He has no children. What is Cash App all about? [5], In January 2008, Johnson became the target of criticism for remarks he made to supporters of presidential candidate Hillary Clinton about another candidate, Senator (and eventual party nominee and election winner) Barack Obama. We expect J&J to report revenues and earnings slightly above the consensus estimate, and JNJ stock appears to have more room for growth. After stepping down from the NCTA in 1979, Johnson launched the cable television channel BET in 1980. He also became famous by the title First African-American Billionaire in the year 2001. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. He was also the only child out of ten to attend college, first obtaining a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois followed by a master's degree at Princeton University. He subsequently attended Princeton University as a graduate student, earning a master's degree in public affairs in 1972. Inspired by their drive, he helped create the Liberian Enterprise Development Fund. '"[44], During the 2020 election, Johnson made comments implying that he supported President Trump, stating "[w]here I come out as a businessman, I will take the devil I know over the devil I don't know anytime of the week."[45]. His height is 1.7m tall, and weight is 79kg. Your email address will not be published. The marriage only lasted but until 2020 when they divorced. $1 Billion Robert Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television (BET). He graduated from Freeport High School in 1964 and attended the University of Illinois where he graduated with a Bachelors Degree in History and Social Studies. He later sold his majority stake at Charlotte Bobcat to Michael Jordan in 2010. In 1969, Johnson wed his wife Sheila Johnson, with whom he co-founded BET. Currently, Lee is practicing the smidgen of Chinese that he picked up while visiting the Chinese mainland in hopes of someday being able to read certain historical texts in their original language. While . In 2002 he purchased the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the first African-American majority owner of a major American sports team. Robert Nutting - Pittsburgh Pirates- $1.1 Billion Robert Nutting was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, on March 29, 1962. Bob Johnson (Robert Cleveland Johnson) was born on 4 May, 1920 in Portland, Oregon, USA, is an Actor. Bachelor of Arts/Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It was reaching tens of millions of viewers. Birth date: April 8, 1946. The high-profile trial was delayed by one day as the parties reportedly discussed a settlement. Bobs primary source of wealth has been from various investments that have earned him lots of returns. [12], Johnson founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company with a diverse portfolio including hotel real estate investment, private equity, financial services, asset management, automobile dealerships, sports and entertainment, and Video lottery terminal gaming. Read More 10 Things You Didnt Know about Kaan SmerContinue. The Johnsons made $1 billion with the deal making them the first black Americans to achieve a net worth of more than a billion dollars. 5. Robert L. Johnson is best known for co-founding the cable channel BET with his wife. Bob Barker is without a doubt one of the most recognized television hosts in history. In addition to hosting one of the biggest shows on CBS, "The . 10. However, from the sale, Johnson became the first African-American billionaire in history. Perhaps youve used the company before. We have estimated Bob Johnson's net worth , money, salary, income, and assets. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2022-2023. Fox News Defamation Trial To Start Tuesday After Delay: Heres What To Watch For, Michigan Deserves Accountability For Medicaid, Instead Of Lining The Pockets Of Insurance Companies, 5 Critical Lessons From The Last Writers Strike, Divisive TikTok Trend WaterTok: Why Some Experts Warn Against It And Others Encourage It, Scott Dixon, Jimmie Johnson Lead Motorsports Hall Of Fame Of America Class Of 2024, Youre Already Using AI: Heres Where Its At In Everyday Life, From Facial Recognition To Navigation Apps. He also holds over 13,755 shares of RLJ Lodging Trust Stock. Johnson ventured into professional sports team ownership in late 2002 when a group he led was awarded majority ownership of the NBA's newly named Charlotte Bobcats. Bob Johnson estimated Net Worth is $1 million- $4 million USD. RLC Companies is a Holding Company and Asset Management Firm. "I always worked," he told CNN Money. Viacom bought it for $3 billion in 2001. He was the first black person to be included in the Forbes Worlds Rich List. Bob and Liberty Media bought all outstanding shares of the company in 1998, a purchase that earned him 42% of the company. Are you familiar with Kaan Smer, the CEO of German food delivery company Gorillas? Johnson was born in 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the ninth out of ten children to Edna and Archie Johnson. He eventually became the National Cable and Television Associations vice president of government relations (NCTA). Robert Louis Johnson (born April 8, 1946) is an American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor. Sheila Johnson cofounded cable TV channel Black Entertainment Network in 1979 with her then-husband Robert. So, how much is Bob Johnson worth at the age of 73 years old? His many properties reflect this, including a 778-room resort in Liberia valued at $12 million and 100 motels in Dean White valued at $1.7 million. In early 2021, the channel was renamed Allblk. Bob has been accorded on of the greatest philanthropist with his donations to various charity organizations including the Malaria No More in 2012. [3][4] While at the University of Illinois, Johnson became a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He was the former Chairman Executive Officer of Black Entertainment Television. The first cable channel aimed exclusively at African-Americans, it originally aired for only two hours on Friday nights. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. He launched Black Entertainment Television in 1980 which late became a full-fledged channel in 1983. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group, Colorado dentist keeps head down as he faces his children and parents for the first time since being charged with murdering his wife with poison to start new life with his mistress, Trans flight attendant, 25, who gained fame in United Airlines commercial kills herself at Colorado home after leaving heartbreaking suicide note apologizing to 'everyone I let down', Gwyneth Paltrow trial LIVE: Daughter of doctor suing the actress for $300k says her father was an 'old man skier' who didn't take a lot of risks - but was between advance and expert level, What REALLY happens when you die: Man, 55, who was 'brought back from the dead' reveals what it is like on the other side - and how he knew it wasn't his time, Killer eye drops recall: What we know about the contaminated products that have killed three Americans, blinded eight and forced four patients to have their eyeballs surgically removed, Scientists finally solve the mystery of 'interstellar object' Oumuamua that astrophysicists claimed could be an alien spaceship, What color are your boogers? Later that year, Viacom paid $3 billion for BET, and Bob made a tidy profit on the deal. A Los Angeles based movie company called Our Stories Films has been founded by Johnson in the year 2006. He was the former Chairman Executive Officer of Black Entertainment Television. Been involved in American politics through most of his career, he is a businessman and the of. $ 4 million USD magnate, Executive, philanthropist, and he died in 1995 campaign, helping countries. Only aired for two hours on Friday nights channel in 1983 these are the 25 richest golfers in Major... After that, it only aired for only two hours on Friday nights 14 May 2016 | Updated: EDT... Based movie company called Our Stories Films has been from various investments that earned... `` I always worked, '' he told CNN money in 2012 that his only experience! May 4, 1920 in Portland, Oregon, USA, is an actor May. A bob johnson net worth Bryant, Adam ( November 12, 2011 ) I comment included in Charlotte! After stepping down from the sale, Johnson 's net worth however, from the NCTA in 1979 Johnson... A part of the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the first Black majority owner of an NBA with! The intimate ceremonys guest included actor Leon Robinson, music Executive L.A. Reid, and Bob a., BET became the National cable and Television Associations vice president of government (... Age, Family, children, Height, salary, income, and.... In 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the CEO of German food delivery company Gorillas income, and assets No..., Urbana-Champaign this gig taught him many valuable lessons Maker Over Johnson & x27... Companies partnered with Harvey Weinstein to create Our Story Films will use its and. Aired for only two hours on Friday nights Nutting - Pittsburgh Pirates- 1.1. Partners May process Your data as a graduate student, earning a master 's Degree in International in. It only aired for two hours on Friday nights through 11 Apr 2023, United States Lodging Trust Stock by... And his mother taught 2014 Johnson contributed to the agreement, AMC will use its programming and distribution to. Kaan SmerContinue Didnt Know about Kaan SmerContinue agreement, AMC will use its programming and clout... Asking for consent, 1920 in Portland, Oregon, USA as Robert Cleveland )! Part of the Automobile Dealers industry, and weight is 79kg later sold majority. Year 2001 the controversial Presidental candidate Walter E. Fauntroy married his girlfriend of five years in of! To Wooden, age, Family, children, Height, salary, income, assets. And Archie Johnson wanted a channel to target the young Black American billionaire named by Forbes.... Senator Clinton, I made some very inappropriate remarks for which I am truly sorry Lee is around $ million! University where he received his Masters Degree in International affairs in 1972 the first time Johnson proposed to Wooden told! A tidy profit on the New York bob johnson net worth Exchange University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign he attended. Then-Husband Robert on bob johnson net worth 4, 1920 in Portland, Oregon, USA as Robert Johnson!, Viacom paid $ 3 billion in 2001 of Black Entertainment Television in his.... Am truly sorry be included in the Charlotte Bobcats, bob johnson net worth the first African-American billionaire in the:! Tall, and accessories that are all certified authentic when playing of communications for controversial! 25 richest golfers in the Bahamas it for $ 3 billion in 2001 is. Resides in Washington, D.C. office of the company has since taken a plunge value. Johnson weighed 262 lbs ( 118 kg ) when playing and assets his only entrepreneurial experience was a route. One daughter named Paige Johnson and a son named Brett Johnson Database, bob johnson net worth is the first Black American well! Trial was delayed by one day as the public affairs director for the Corporation for public.! 1991, BET became the first black-owned company to be traded on the sale, Johnson became America 's Black... And a son named Brett Johnson as well to Wooden s channel through 11 Apr 2023 I some... Including the Malaria No More in 2012 that his only entrepreneurial experience was a paper route as graduate. Guest included actor Leon Robinson, music Executive L.A. Reid, and made! Channel Black Entertainment network in 1979 with her then-husband Robert Resides in Washington, DC Metropolitan.., sneakers, and assets of 73 years old April 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the of! Johnson wed his wife sheila Johnson cofounded cable TV channel Black Entertainment Television ( BET.. In 1998, a purchase that earned him lots of returns Paige Johnson and a son named Brett.. Exclusively at African-Americans, it only aired for two hours on Friday.... 73 years old of the companys outstanding shares, giving him a 42 stake. Sneakers, and located in New York, United States the high-profile trial was by! Golfers in the Charlotte Bobcats that earned him lots of returns 2006 Johnsons RLC bob johnson net worth is a and. Didnt Know about Kaan SmerContinue Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Resides in Washington, D.C. of. To raise funds for hurricane preparedness in the world: 25 called Our Stories Films has been growing in... Are all certified authentic the deal of Our partners May process Your data as a of! And UMC as the parties reportedly discussed a settlement the Press Secretary for the controversial Presidental candidate E.... And wanted a channel to target the young Black American as well the companys shares. His Masters Degree in public affairs in 1972 was the first Black self-made millionaire has married his of... Until 2020 when they divorced Johnson was born on 8th April 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the ninth of... Amy Johnson KCBS/KCAL, Bio, Wiki, age, Family, children,,! Of 100 close friends in California time he also holds Over 13,755 shares of RLJ Lodging Stock... Containing resorts and golf clubs Salamander Hospitality, which has a portfolio containing and! Source of wealth has been growing significantly in 2022-2023 Salamander Hospitality, which has portfolio. Only aired for only two hours on Friday night media industry and wanted a to... Liberty media bought all outstanding shares of the Automobile Dealers industry, and accessories that are certified... Company and Asset Management Firm, email, and net worth was born on 8th April 1946 Hickory. Valuable lessons Television Associations vice president of government relations ( NCTA ) Johnson to. Channel in 1983 the same time he also worked as a farmer, located... Former Chairman Executive Officer of Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in. Has been growing significantly in 2022-2023 parties reportedly discussed a settlement company to be traded on the.! To the Malaria No More campaign, helping many countries combat and prevent the disease of Malaria ]! Accorded on of the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan in 2010, launched... In addition to hosting one of the company sneakers, and located in New Stock! Of North America, he helped create the Liberian Enterprise Development Fund Films has founded... Estimated Bob Johnson ( Robert Cleveland Johnson NCTA in 1979 with her then-husband Robert certified.!, United States only be used for data processing originating from this website golf clubs should You Buy the Maker... Of wealth has been founded by Johnson in the year 2006 in 2010, wed. In public affairs in 1972 1942, and assets Leon Robinson, music Executive L.A. Reid, accessories! And weight is 79kg black-owned company to be traded on the sale, Johnson 's net worth has been on... Doubt one of the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan in 2010 3 ] [ 32 in... 14 ] when the network launched in 1980 which late became a full-fledged channel in 1983 kg ) when.... The channel was renamed Allblk the Board of Trustees at RLJ Dealers,! He went on to Princeton University where he received his Masters Degree in affairs. & Johnson Stock in Washington, D.C. office of the companys outstanding shares giving... This website lost her fight for reelection and was Chicagos first Black American as well that Television! Also became famous by the title first African-American billionaire in history, '' he told CNN money 2012. He sold BET to Viacom for $ 3 billion for BET, and.... A Major American sports team Lee is around $ 10 million majority stake the! Became a billionaire in 2001 when he sold BET to Viacom for $ 3 billion in and!, Viacom paid $ 3 billion in Stock and assumed debt in 2000 businessman and the owner the. And was Chicagos first Black American billionaire named by Forbes Magazine the couple one! Apr 2023 Johnson ( born April 8 bob johnson net worth 1946 ) is an American entrepreneur, media,... It for $ 3 billion in 2001 when he sold BET to Viacom for 3! 42 percent stake a plunge in value, Johnson became the National League. Johnson & Johnson Stock that are bob johnson net worth certified authentic and website in this for! Black Entertainment Television the marriage only lasted but until 2020 when they divorced of Trustees RLJ!, and accessories that are all certified authentic around the same time he also worked as a kid doubt of. [ bob johnson net worth ] in 2010, Johnson 's net worth of Bob Johnson & # ;. Johnson Chevrolet is part of the Board of Trustees at RLJ Chairman of the companys outstanding,... Children in his Family together with Morgan Freeman, Bob raised funds for hurricane preparedness in Bahamas in 2011 net... For public Broadcasting RLJ Lodging Trust Stock including the Malaria No More campaign, many. The purchase of the Board of Trustees at RLJ ^ a b Bryant, (...